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The fact that men and women are living longer than they have ever done before is something in which we can all rejoice. However, the process of ageing is associated with changes in skeletal, muscular, gastrointestinal, neural hormonal and metabolic processes that seriously affect an individual's performance and quality of life. Indeed, such changes can be contributory to a loss of independence in...
Our recent studies of structure and function of gastrointestinal tract mucosa revealed that the domestification of Sus scrofa corresponds with the significant slowing of the organ development. On top of genetic potential, the nutritional factors (or more precisely - lack of certain biologically active substances in the feed of pregnant sows) are responsible. Moreover, feeding neonates with milk replacers...
Prostaglandins are primary mediators of pain and are involved in pathological conditions such as hypertension, cancer and inflammation but are also needed for normal function of the female reproductive system. This may hold true for other systems because long term use of selective COX-2 inhibitors such as VIOXX and BEXTRA was associated with heart failure, leading to their withdrawal. A thorough study...
The liver is the largest organ of the body. It is located between the portal and the general circulation, between the organs of the gastrointestinal tract and the heart. The main function of the liver is to take up nutrients, to store them, and to provide nutrients to the other organs. At the same time has the liver to take up potentially damaging substances like bacterial products or drugs delivered...
The incidence of obesity is rapidly increasing all over the world in epidemic proportions.The epidemia now affects young children and accumulative evidences suggest that the origin of the disease may occur during foetal development and early life. This has introduced the concept of "developmental programming" supported by experimental studies in animal models and numerous epidemiological...
Melatonin (MT) is an ubiquitous molecule, representing one of the phylogenetically oldest signaling mechanisms. Our previous studies demonstrated that MT and its precursor L-tryptophan (L-Trp) show strong protective effect on gastric mucosa. The aim of the present study was: 1) to assess the effect of MT and L-Trp on healing of chronic gastric ulcer and accompanying changes in gastric mucosal blood...
The progress in basic and clinical gastrology indicates that gastric mucosal integrity represents a balance between offensive and defensive factors. The main offensive factors appear to be gastric acid and pepsin under health conditions, while the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) and Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori), infecting this mucosa, are currently considered the most important “aggressive”...
After the discovery of melatonin in the pineal gland by Lerner and co-workers in 1958, melatonin was also detected in the retina and the human appendix. Later, melatonin was confirmed immunohistologically in all segments of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT), in the guts of bovine embryos and in the GIT of low vertebrates. Melatonin was also confirmed in the pancreas and the hepatobilliary system. Melatonin...
There is growing evidence that gastric vagal afferent input may contribute to the altered sensations associated with gastrointestinal disorders. The aim of our study was to evaluate gastric vagal afferents (VA) activity in rats with experimental gastric ulcer and ulcer healing. The study was carried out on rats with gastric ulcer (GU), including, a group with perivagal capsaicin pretreatment (CAP),...
The goal of this study was to investigate the effects of ß-caroten and astaxanthin (ASX) - carotenoid without provitamin A activity on the proliferation and differentiation of rat oval cells (OC) in vitro. Oval cells were isolated from two groups of animals: I - partial hepatectomised (PH) and II- diethylnitrosamine (DEN) treated rats. At various time points cell lysates were separated by PAGE. For...
Brain histamine plays a regulatory role in feeding behaviour, acting as an inhibitory modulator. Portocaval anastomosis (PCA) is associated with cerebral aminergic systems alterations, including high histamine accumulation and release from neurons. Despite that, the rats with PCA eat significantly more, their body mass being lower than sham-operated animals. To disclose underlying regulatory mechanisms,...
Experimental and clinical gastrointestinal data reported that nitrosative stress development involved in impaired barrier function, altered motility and a lowered threshold to noxious stimuli, but its pathogenetic role in diabetic esophagopathy remains unexplored. We tested the hypothesis that an imbalance in nonenzymatic glycation and glycooxidation, enhanced peroxynitrite formation, may play an...
Melatonin (MT) and its precursor L-tryptophan (Trp) are implicated in the protection of gastric mucosa against noxious agents. However, the role of MT and Trp on the gastric mucosal injury induced by aspirin (ASA) in human has not been investigated. Studies in animals showed that both MT and Trp given intragastrically prevents the formation of gastric mucosal lesions induced by ASA. The aim of the...
In gastroenterology non-variceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding is health hazard. Frequency of occurrence accounts for 40-150 cases per 100000 inhabitants with death rate of 7-14%. Researches which goal is to improve treatment effectiveness as well as to establish standardized procedures for managing patients with symptoms of non-variceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding; have been conducted since...
The involvement of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) in the cancer cell elimination through apoptosis is a generally accepted fact. However, some reports indicate that the activation of PPAR is directly responsible for carcinogenesis. Caco-2 cells, a human adenocarcinoma cells, were used as a model of colon cancer. Cell cultures (5x106 cell per dish) were pretreated for 24h with...
Chronic pancreatitis (CP) is a progressive disease, in which the exocrine function of the gland is gradually lost and fibrosis develops due to repeated episodes of acute pancreatitis. The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of RAS inhibitors on the apoptosis of acinar cells and pancreatic stellate cells (PSCs) elimination in experimental CP induced by dibutyltin dichloride (DBTC). CP was...
In last years significant progress in recognizing mechanisms of portal hypertension pathophysiology was done. However, some unclear topics in this disease still exist. Portal hypertension is primarily caused by the increase in resistance to portal outflow and secondly by an increase in splanchnic blood flow. Portal hypertension is associated with changes in the intrahepatic, systemic, and portosystemic...
Prostaglandins mediate various physiological aspects of mucosal defense and the suppression of prostaglandin synthesis in the stomach is a critical event in terms of the development of mucosal injury after NSAID administration. However, it has become clear that other mediators besides prostaglandins can similarly act to protect the stomach from injury. For instance, nitric oxide (NO) released from...
Short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are the major anions in the large intestine. They are produced by a bacterial fermentation of dietary fiber. SCFAs are known to have a variety of physiological and pathphysiological effects on intestine. However, the mechanisms by which intraluminal SCFAs are sensed are not known. In 2003, two orphan G protein coupled receptors (GPRs), GPR41 and GPR43, have been cloned...
Acute gastric mucosal lesions represent an important clinical problem. The experimental model of acute gastritis such as water immersion restraint (WRS) stress is useful tool in examination of pathomechanism of acute gastric damage. Nitric oxide (NO) plays an important role in the maintenance of gastric barrier, however the role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the interaction between NO and gastric...
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